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Invasion of Italy. Although a battalion of the rd Infantry Regiment was able to get across the Gari on the south side of San Angelo and two companies of the st Infantry Regiment on the north side, they were isolated for most of the time and at no time cassino italy gambling Allied armour able to get across the river, leaving them highly vulnerable to counter-attacking tanks and self-propelled guns of Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt 's 15th Panzergrenadier Division.
Clarkwhich had suffered very heavy casualties during the main landing at Salerno codenamed Operation Avalanche in September, moved from the cassino italy gambling base of Naples up the Italian "boot" and on cassino italy gambling eastern front the British Eighth Armycommanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomeryadvanced up the Adriatic coast.
However, attempts to take Monte Cassino were broken by overwhelming machine gun fire from the slopes below the monastery. Whilst the task of crossing the river would be easier in that the Rapido upstream of Cassino was fordable, the flooding made movement on the approaches each side very difficult.
The U. They could then break through down into the Liri valley behind the Gustav Line defences. Artillery and Nebelwerfer drumfire methodically searched both bridgeheadswhile machine guns opened on every sound GIs inched forward, feeling for trip wires and listening to German gun crews reload On average, soldiers wounded on the Rapido received "definitive treatment" nine hours and forty-one minutes after they were hit, a medical study later found The assault had been a costly failure, with the 36th Division losing 2, [17] men killed, this web page and missing in 48 hours.
The two Moroccan-French divisions sustained 2, casualties in their struggles around Colle Belvedere. The Germans had had three months to prepare their defensive positions using dynamite and to stockpile ammunition and stores.
On 11 February, after a final unsuccessful 3-day assault on Monastery Hill and Cassino check this out, the Americans were withdrawn. However, because the Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff would only make landing craft available until early February, as they were required for Operation Overlordthe Allied invasion of Northern FranceOperation Shingle had to take place in late January with the coordinated attack on the Gustav Line some three days earlier.
The first assault was made on 17 January. Increasingly, cassino italy gambling opinions of certain Allied officers were fixed on the great abbey of Monte Cassino: in their view it was the abbey—and its click at this page use as a German artillery observation point—that prevented the breach of the 'Gustav Line'.
Repeated pinpoint artillery attacks on Allied assault troops caused their leaders to conclude the abbey was being used by the Germans as an observation post, at the very least. The corps did not have the extra men, but there would certainly have been time to alter the overall battle plan and cancel or modify the central attack by the U.
Some historians [ who? The German defenders were finally driven from their positions, but at a high cost. The route to Rome from the east using Route 5 was thus excluded as a viable option leaving the routes from Naples to Rome, highways 6 and 7, as the only possibilities; Highway 7 the old More info Appian Way followed along the west coast but south of Rome cassino italy gambling into the Pontine Marsheswhich the Germans had flooded.
On 15 February American bombers dropped 1, tons of high explosives, creating widespread damage. During the battle there had been occasions when, with more astute use of reserves, promising positions might have been turned into decisive moves. Lying in a protected historic zone, it had been left unoccupied by the Germans, although they manned some positions set into the steep slopes below the abbey's walls.
The Germans were fighting from a series of prepared positions in a manner designed to inflict maximum damage, then pulling back while buying time for the construction of the Winter Line defensive positions south of the Italian capital of Rome. Although in the east the German defensive line had been breached on the Adriatic front and Ortona was captured by the 1st Canadian Divisionthe advance had ground to a halt with the onset of winter blizzards at the end of December, making close air support and movement in the jagged terrain impossible.
It was hoped that the Anzio landing, with the benefit of surprise and a rapid move inland to the Alban Hillswhich command both routes 6 and 7, would so threaten the Gustav defenders' rear and supply lines that it might just unsettle the German commanders and cause them to withdraw from the Gustav Line to positions north of Rome.
This was evidenced in the writing of Maj. II Corps would commence on 20 January with the U. The st Infantry Regiment also crossed in two battalion strength and, despite the lack of armoured support, managed to advance 1 kilometre 0.
It was very tough going: the mountains were rocky, strewn with boulders and cut by ravines and gullies. Howard Kippenbergercommander of New Zealand 2nd Division, after the war. II Corps to make men available cassino italy gambling force the issue in the south before the German reinforcements were able to get into position.
Running across the Allied line was the fast flowing Rapido Riverwhich rose in the central Apennine Mountainsflowed through Cassino joining to the Gari Riverwhich was erroneously identified as the Rapido [9] and across the entrance to the Liri valley. Fears escalated along with casualties and in spite of a lack of clear evidence, it was marked for destruction.
Once again the two regiments attacked but with no more success against the well dug-in 15th Panzergrenadier Division: the rd Infantry Regiment got the equivalent of two battalions across, but, once again, there was no armoured support and they were devastated when daylight came the next day.
VI Corps British 1st and U. Whilst this would have been consistent with the German tactics of the previous three months, Allied intelligence had not understood that the strategy of fighting retreat had been for the sole purpose of providing time to prepare the Gustav line where the Germans intended to stand firm.
There the Liri river joined the Gari to form the Garigliano River, which continued on to the sea. General Juin was convinced that Cassino could be bypassed and the German defences unhinged by this northerly route but his request for reserves to maintain the momentum of his advance was refused and cassino italy gambling one available reserve cassino italy gambling from 36th Division was sent to reinforce 34th Division.
The main central thrust by the U. II Corps, after two and a half weeks of battle, was worn out. With U. With its heavily fortified mountain defences, difficult river crossings, and valley head flooded by the Germans, Cassino formed a linchpin of the Gustav Line, the most formidable line of the defensive positions making up the Winter Line.
Once again, therefore, the battle commenced without the attackers being fully prepared. The intelligence assessment of Allied prospects was therefore over-optimistic.
Together, these features formed the Gustav Line. There was no natural shelter and the weather was wet and freezing cold. The British press and C.
Near the coast, the British X Corps 56th and 5th Divisions forced a crossing of the Garigliano followed some two days later by the British 46th Division on their right causing General Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin , commander of the German XIV Panzer Corps , and responsible for the Gustav defences on the south western half of the line, some serious concern as to the ability of the German 94th Infantry Division to hold the line. Ryder spearheading the attack and French colonial troops on its right flank, launched an assault across the flooded Rapido valley north of Cassino and into the mountains behind with the intention of then wheeling to the left and attacking Monte Cassino from high ground. There is some speculation [ by whom? The next attack was launched on 24 January. In one respect, however, the plan was working in that Kesselring's reserves had been drawn south. However, with the coming of daylight, they too were cut down and by the evening of 22 January, the st Infantry Regiment had virtually ceased to exist; only 40 men made it back to the Allied lines. By early February, American infantry had captured a strategic point near the hamlet of San Onofrio, less than 1 mile 1.