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The two divisions from Rome arrived by 21 January and stabilized the German position in the south. In truth, Clark did not believe there was much chance of an early breakthrough, [12] but he felt that the attacks would draw German reserves away from the Rome area in time for the attack on Anzio codenamed Operation Shingle where the U. Walker , commenced three hours after sunset on 20 January. Poor Dimoline acting commander of 4th Indian Division was having a dreadful time getting his division into position. The intention was a breakthrough to Rome. As a result, the army's conduct of this battle became the subject of a Congressional inquiry after the war. On 16 May, soldiers from the Polish II Corps launched one of the final assaults on the German defensive position as part of a twenty- division assault along a twenty-mile front. Excellent observation from the peaks of several hills allowed the German defenders to detect Allied movement and direct highly accurate artillery fire, preventing any northward advance. Highway 6 ran through the Liri valley, dominated at its south entrance by the rugged mass of Monte Cassino above the town of Cassino. The lack of time to prepare meant that the approach to the river was still hazardous due to uncleared mines and booby traps and the highly technical business of an opposed river crossing lacked the necessary planning and rehearsal. Despite their fierce fighting, the 34th Division never managed to take the final redoubts on Hill known to the Germans as Calvary Mount , held by the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Parachute Regiment , part of the 1st Parachute Division , the dominating point of the ridge to the monastery. Rick Atkinson described the intense German resistance:. The original estimates that Rome would fall by October proved far too optimistic. However, it is more likely that he just had too much to do, being responsible for both the Cassino and Anzio offensives. The performance of the 34th Division in the mountains is considered to rank as one of the finest feats of arms carried out by any soldiers during the war. At the beginning of , the western half of the Winter Line was being anchored by Germans holding the Rapido-Gari, Liri and Garigliano valleys and some of the surrounding peaks and ridges. It became the task of the U. Keyes pressed Walker to renew the attack immediately. Responding to Senger's concerns, Kesselring ordered the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions from the Rome area to provide reinforcement. The central thrust by the U. The three divisions of Lieutenant General McCreery's X Corps sustained some 4, casualties during the period of the first battle. Freyberg had informed his superiors that he believed, given the circumstances, there was no better than a 50 per cent chance of success for the offensive. The British 46th Infantry Division was to attack on the night of 19 January across the Garigliano below its junction with the Liri in support of the main attack by U. Success would pinch out Cassino town and open up the Liri valley. I never really appreciated the difficulties until I went over the ground after the war. In spite of its potential excellence as an observation post, because of the fourteen-century-old Benedictine abbey's historical significance, the German commander in Italy, Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , ordered German units not to include it in their defensive positions and informed the Vatican and the Allies accordingly in December Nevertheless, some Allied reconnaissance aircraft maintained they observed German troops inside the monastery. Digging foxholes on the rocky ground was out of the question and each feature was exposed to fire from surrounding high points. The ravines were no better since the gorse growing there, far from giving cover, had been sown with mines, booby-traps and hidden barbed wire by the defenders. On the right, the Moroccan -French troops made good initial progress against the German 5th Mountain Division , commanded by General Julius Ringel , gaining positions on the slopes of their key objective, Monte Cifalco. While this remains unconfirmed, it is clear that once the monastery was destroyed it was occupied by the Germans and proved better cover for their emplacements and troops than an intact structure would have offered. Freyberg's plan was a continuation of the first battle: an attack from the north along the mountain ridges and an attack from the southeast along the railway line and to capture the railway station across the Rapido less than 1 mile 1. An American squad managed a reconnaissance right up against the cliff-like abbey walls, with the monks observing German and American patrols exchanging fire. As it happened, Fifth Army HQ failed to appreciate the frailty of the German position and the plan was unchanged. Lucas , was due to make an amphibious landing on 22 January. The southern group was forced back across the river by mid-morning of 21 January. Clark's Fifth Army made slow progress in the face of difficult terrain, wet weather and skillful German defences. VI Corps under heavy threat at Anzio, Freyberg was under equal pressure to launch a relieving action at Cassino. The Allied landings in Italy in September by two Allied armies, following shortly after the Allied landings in Sicily in July, commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander , the Commander-in-Chief C-in-C of the 15th Army Group later retitled the Allied Armies in Italy , were followed by an advance northward on two fronts, one on each side of the central mountain range forming the "spine" of Italy. At the height of the battle in the first days of February von Senger und Etterlin had moved the 90th Division from the Garigliano front to north of Cassino and had been so alarmed at the rate of attrition, he had " At the crucial moment von Senger was able to throw in the 71st Infantry Division whilst leaving the 15th Panzergrenadier Division whom they had been due to relieve in place. In particular, armour could only move on paths laid with steel matting and it took eight days of bloody fighting across the waterlogged ground for 34th Division to push back General Franek's German 44th Infantry Division to establish a foothold in the mountains.

Invasion of Italy. Although a battalion of the rd Infantry Regiment was able to get across the Gari on the south side of San Angelo and two companies of the st Infantry Regiment on the north side, they were isolated for most of the time and at no time cassino italy gambling Allied armour able to get across the river, leaving them highly vulnerable to counter-attacking tanks and self-propelled guns of Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt 's 15th Panzergrenadier Division.

Clarkwhich had suffered very heavy casualties during the main landing at Salerno codenamed Operation Avalanche in September, moved from the cassino italy gambling base of Naples up the Italian "boot" and on cassino italy gambling eastern front the British Eighth Armycommanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomeryadvanced up the Adriatic coast.

However, attempts to take Monte Cassino were broken by overwhelming machine gun fire from the slopes below the monastery. Whilst the task of crossing the river would be easier in that the Rapido upstream of Cassino was fordable, the flooding made movement on the approaches each side very difficult.

The U. They could then break through down into the Liri valley behind the Gustav Line defences. Artillery and Nebelwerfer drumfire methodically searched both bridgeheadswhile machine guns opened on every sound GIs inched forward, feeling for trip wires and listening to German gun crews reload On average, soldiers wounded on the Rapido received "definitive treatment" nine hours and forty-one minutes after they were hit, a medical study later found The assault had been a costly failure, with the 36th Division losing 2, [17] men killed, this web page and missing in 48 hours.

The two Moroccan-French divisions sustained 2, casualties in their struggles around Colle Belvedere. The Germans had had three months to prepare their defensive positions using dynamite and to stockpile ammunition and stores.

On 11 February, after a final unsuccessful 3-day assault on Monastery Hill and Cassino check this out, the Americans were withdrawn. However, because the Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff would only make landing craft available until early February, as they were required for Operation Overlordthe Allied invasion of Northern FranceOperation Shingle had to take place in late January with the coordinated attack on the Gustav Line some three days earlier.

The first assault was made on 17 January. Increasingly, cassino italy gambling opinions of certain Allied officers were fixed on the great abbey of Monte Cassino: in their view it was the abbey—and its click at this page use as a German artillery observation point—that prevented the breach of the 'Gustav Line'.

Repeated pinpoint artillery attacks on Allied assault troops caused their leaders to conclude the abbey was being used by the Germans as an observation post, at the very least. The corps did not have the extra men, but there would certainly have been time to alter the overall battle plan and cancel or modify the central attack by the U.

Some historians [ who? The German defenders were finally driven from their positions, but at a high cost. The route to Rome from the east using Route 5 was thus excluded as a viable option leaving the routes from Naples to Rome, highways 6 and 7, as the only possibilities; Highway 7 the old More info Appian Way followed along the west coast but south of Rome cassino italy gambling into the Pontine Marsheswhich the Germans had flooded.

On 15 February American bombers dropped 1, tons of high explosives, creating widespread damage. During the battle there had been occasions when, with more astute use of reserves, promising positions might have been turned into decisive moves. Lying in a protected historic zone, it had been left unoccupied by the Germans, although they manned some positions set into the steep slopes below the abbey's walls.

The Germans were fighting from a series of prepared positions in a manner designed to inflict maximum damage, then pulling back while buying time for the construction of the Winter Line defensive positions south of the Italian capital of Rome. Although in the east the German defensive line had been breached on the Adriatic front and Ortona was captured by the 1st Canadian Divisionthe advance had ground to a halt with the onset of winter blizzards at the end of December, making close air support and movement in the jagged terrain impossible.

It was hoped that the Anzio landing, with the benefit of surprise and a rapid move inland to the Alban Hillswhich command both routes 6 and 7, would so threaten the Gustav defenders' rear and supply lines that it might just unsettle the German commanders and cause them to withdraw from the Gustav Line to positions north of Rome.

This was evidenced in the writing of Maj. II Corps would commence on 20 January with the U. The st Infantry Regiment also crossed in two battalion strength and, despite the lack of armoured support, managed to advance 1 kilometre 0.

It was very tough going: the mountains were rocky, strewn with boulders and cut by ravines and gullies. Howard Kippenbergercommander of New Zealand 2nd Division, after the war. II Corps to make men available cassino italy gambling force the issue in the south before the German reinforcements were able to get into position.

Running across the Allied line was the fast flowing Rapido Riverwhich rose in the central Apennine Mountainsflowed through Cassino joining to the Gari Riverwhich was erroneously identified as the Rapido [9] and across the entrance to the Liri valley. Fears escalated along with casualties and in spite of a lack of clear evidence, it was marked for destruction.

Once again the two regiments attacked but with no more success against the well dug-in 15th Panzergrenadier Division: the rd Infantry Regiment got the equivalent of two battalions across, but, once again, there was no armoured support and they were devastated when daylight came the next day.

VI Corps British 1st and U. Whilst this would have been consistent with the German tactics of the previous three months, Allied intelligence had not understood that the strategy of fighting retreat had been for the sole purpose of providing time to prepare the Gustav line where the Germans intended to stand firm.

There the Liri river joined the Gari to form the Garigliano River, which continued on to the sea. General Juin was convinced that Cassino could be bypassed and the German defences unhinged by this northerly route but his request for reserves to maintain the momentum of his advance was refused and cassino italy gambling one available reserve cassino italy gambling from 36th Division was sent to reinforce 34th Division.

The main central thrust by the U. II Corps, after two and a half weeks of battle, was worn out. With U. With its heavily fortified mountain defences, difficult river crossings, and valley head flooded by the Germans, Cassino formed a linchpin of the Gustav Line, the most formidable line of the defensive positions making up the Winter Line.

Once again, therefore, the battle commenced without the attackers being fully prepared. The intelligence assessment of Allied prospects was therefore over-optimistic.

Together, these features formed the Gustav Line. There was no natural shelter and the weather was wet and freezing cold. The British press and C.

Near the coast, the British X Corps 56th and 5th Divisions forced a crossing of the Garigliano followed some two days later by the British 46th Division on their right causing General Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin , commander of the German XIV Panzer Corps , and responsible for the Gustav defences on the south western half of the line, some serious concern as to the ability of the German 94th Infantry Division to hold the line. Ryder spearheading the attack and French colonial troops on its right flank, launched an assault across the flooded Rapido valley north of Cassino and into the mountains behind with the intention of then wheeling to the left and attacking Monte Cassino from high ground. There is some speculation [ by whom? The next attack was launched on 24 January. In one respect, however, the plan was working in that Kesselring's reserves had been drawn south. However, with the coming of daylight, they too were cut down and by the evening of 22 January, the st Infantry Regiment had virtually ceased to exist; only 40 men made it back to the Allied lines. By early February, American infantry had captured a strategic point near the hamlet of San Onofrio, less than 1 mile 1.